Surprisingly, the newest haplotype GL had the oldest time of most recent common ancestor (tMRCA), which was May 1 2019 by mean, while the oldest haplotype had the newest tMRCA with a mean of October 17, indicating that the ancestral strains that gave birth to GL had been extinct and replaced by the more adapted newcomer at the place of its origin, just like the sequential rise and fall of the delta and omicron variants.

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a CRISPR-based human and bacterial ribosomal RNA (rRNA) depletion kit (JUMPCODE Genomics) on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) shotgun metagenomic sequencing in weakly positive respiratory samples.

Furthermore, the PJI-injected GP∆-delta DNA vaccine effectively protected human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) knock-in mice from delta-variant infection.

Initial validation We validated the four primer schemes with dengue virus stocks that we obtained from the Yale Arbovirus Research Unit (YARU) and World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses (WRCEVA, UTMB) collections.

The spillover of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from humans to white-tailed deer (WTD) and its ability to transmit from deer to deer raised concerns about the role of WTD in the epidemiology and ecology of the virus.

Two of these pathogens that have received particular attention during the last years are the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), due to its fast global spread and high impact to the human health, and, since its introduction into Germany, the flavivirus West Nile virus (WNV).

Populations of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) have collapsed due to white-nose syndrome (WNS), a disease caused by the introduction and spread of the fungal pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd).

In principle, we considered a recombination event as a transmission process of ``information'' and introduced weighted information content (WIC) to quantify the contribution of recombination to a certain region on viral genome; then, we identified the recombination regions by comparing WICs of different regions.

The Omicron variant is the most recent variant of concern (VOC) to emerge and was recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 26 November 2021.

Various Variants of Concern (VOC) and Variants of Interest (VOI) with higher transmissibility and infectivity are detected around the globe among which Nepal is also at high risk stage.